Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan For Mongolia

Preface, by Dr.Z.Batjargal, Minister of Nature and the Environment List of Tables List of Figures List of Appendices List of Acronyms,Terms and Organizations Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan Process in Mongolia INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 THE STATUS OF MONGOLIAN BIODIVERSITY
1.1	Overview of biological diversity in Mongolia
1.1.1	Ecosystem diversity
1.1.1.1	Natural diversity
1.1.1.2	Anthropogenic diversity
1.1.2	Species diversity
1.1.3	Genetic diversity
1.1.3.1	Wild animals and plants
1.1.3.2	Domestic animals and plants
1.1.4	Special features of Mongolia's biodiversity
1.1.4.l	Ecological and evolutionary features
1.1.4.2	Species endemism
1.1.4.3	Endangered species
1.1.4.4	Economically important wild species
1.1.4.5	Regional and global importance of Mongolia's biodiversity
1.2	Threatened status of biodlversity
1.2.1	The threats
1.2.1.1	Ecosystems
1.2.1.2	Species
1.2.1.3	Genetic varieties
1.2.2	Causes of threats
1.2.2.1	Population increases
1.2.2.2	Industrialization, past and present economic policies, and pollution
1.2.2.3	Increase in per capita consumption of resources
1.2.2.4	Destruction of habitat
1.2.2.5	Over-exploitaion
1.2.2.6	Inadequate natural resource management
1.2.2.7	ThreatS from outside national borders
1.2.2.8	Climate change
1.2.3	Need for sustainable development of resources

CHAPTER 2 STATUS OF CONSERVATION IN MONGOLIA
2.1	Description and assessment of conservation in wild
2.1.1	Protected areas
2.1.1.1	History of establishiment
2.1.1.2	Numbers of different types of protected areas
2.1.1.3	Legal Status
2.1.1.4	Protected area zonation
2.1.1.5	Buffer zones around protected areas
2.1.1.6	Management staff and budgets
2.1.1.7	Research and monitoring
2.1.1.8	Enforcement of laws and regulations
2.1.1.9	Community support
2.1.1.10	Ecotourism
2.1.2	Conservation of wild species
2.1.2.l	Legal status
2.1.2.2	Administration
2.1.2.3	State Inspectors and Rangers
2.1.2.4	Enforcement of laws and regulations
2.1.2.5	Community support
2.1.2.6	Protection of species with ranges crossing international borders
2.1.3	Conservation outside protected areas
2.1.3.1	Soil conservation and agriculture
2.1.3.2	Range management
2.1.3.3	Forest management
2.1.3.4	Restoration of disturbed and damaged lands
2.2	Description and assessment of other conservation actions
2.2.1	Conservation of wild plants in botanical gardens
2.2.2	Conservation of wild animals in captive collections
2.2.3	Conservation of wild relatives of crops and livestock
2.2.4	Conservation of varieties of crops, livestock and domestic animals
2.2.5	Pollution control
2.3	Assessment of availability of data and scientific research necessary to achieve biodivcrsity conservation
2.3.1	Inventory and baseline data
2.3.2	Monitoring
2.4	Assessment of institutional framework
2.4.1	Government-central
2.4.2	Govenment-local
2.4.3	Private-non-governmental Mongolian organizations
2.4.4	Private-for profit
2.5	Assessment of law and policy
2.5.l	Legislation: laws, regulations, resolutions, conflicts
2.5.2	Strategy
2.6	Assesment of public information and education programs related to biodivcrsity conservation
2.6.l	Formal education：schools, colleges, universities
2.6.2	Books, magazines, newspapers, TV, radio
2.7	Assessment of personnel training for biodiversity conservation
2.8	Description and assessment of international cooperation biodiversity conservation
2.8.l	Multilateral cooperation
2.8.2	Bilateral cooperation
2.8.3	Non-goverrunental cooperation

CHAPTER 3 ACTION PROGRAMS
3.1	Overall objectives
3.2	Specific objectives and actions
3.2.1	Establish complete protected area system representative of all ecosystems and protecting endangered species, including joint actions with the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China
3.2.2	Establish effective population control measures to limit human impact on the nation's biodiversity
3.2.3	Implement an effective enviromnental impact assessment program to understand the effects of proposed actions on biodiversity
3.2.4	Establish a research program that improves knowledge ofbiodiversity and relevant threats
3.2.5	Establish a nationwide information and monitoring system for biodiversity conservation
3.2.6	Establish national education and traimng programs forbiodiversity conservation
3.2.7	Establish a public information program to improve people'sknowledge of biodiversity and the importance of conserving it
3.2.8	Control pollution of air, water and soil
3.2.9	Control hunting and fishing
3.2.10	Prevent pasture deterioration through overgrazing
3.2.11	Establish effective land-use plannung control and transportation planning to protect biodiversity
3.2.12	Develop strong regulations to protect biodiversity from effects of mining
3.2.13	Support tourism while developing sensible regulations to protect biodiversity
3.2.14	Ensure that agriculture and forestry are carried out in ways compatible with biodivetsity conservation
3.2.15	Identify and restore damaged lands
3.2.16	Develop renewable, clean energy sources and ensure environmentally safe transport of fossil fuels
3.2.17	Improve ex-situ management for species conservation and conserving genetic resources

CHAPTER 4 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES NECESSARY TO ENSURE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPECIFIC ACTIONS
4.1	Adopt legislation and policies to ensure the conservation of biological diversity that require the integration of conservation and environmental protection into sustainable development
4.2	Strengthen institutional arrangements needed to implement the Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan for Mongolia
4.3	Seek finances from all possible sources in order to implement the Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan for Mongolia
4.4	Properly value biodiversity in the national accounting system

List of Tables
Table 1	Six main vegetation zones according to area and percentage covered of country
Table 2	Degradation of pasturelands in arid and semi-arid regions
Table 3	Number of species described according to major groups
Table 4	Numbers of Domestic Livestock
Table 5	The number of species by taxa according to protection status
Table 6	History of the establishment of Mongolia's protected areas
Table 7	Mongolian protected areas
Table 8	Area and percentage of current protection for each major vegetation zone
Table 9	Area and percentage of biogeographical zone protected
Table 10	List of species that were not included in the analysis because of absence of distribution data
Table 11	Species classified by the analysisas not potentially protected with established protected areas
Table 12	Area and percentage of protection in aimags
Table 13	Established hunting and fishing seasons
Table 14	Numbers of State inspectors and Rangers
Table 15	Area of land damaged by anthropogeinc activities that require restoration
Table 16	Permitted levels of pollution
Table 17	Number of students graduating with majors related to biodiversity
Table 18	List of agreement, parties, and date signed for bilateral cooperation agreements
Table 19	a) Proposed Strictly Protected Areas and National Conservation parks
	b) proposed Nature Reserves
	c) proposed Natural and Historical Monuments
Table 20	The area and percentage of current and proposed protection in each biogeographical zone
Table 21	Species classified as not potentially protected with established and proposed protected areas by the analysis

List of Figures
Figure 1	Location of Mongolia in Asia
Figure 2	Political map of Mongolia
Figure 3	Orographic map of Mongolia
Figure 4	Major soil groups
Figure 5	Biogeographical zones of Mongolia
Figure 6	Vegetation zones of Mongolia
Figure 7	Protected areas of Mongolia
Figure 8	Biogeographical zones and established protected areas
Figure 9	Protected areas on or near the Mongolian border
Figure l0	Established and proposed protected areas
Figure 11	Biogeographical zones,established protected areas and proposed protected areas

Appendices
1.	List of Participants in Biodiversity Action Plan Workshops
2.	Species of fish that appear in the Mongolian Red Book
3.	The potential range, area of potential protection, and percentage of range potentially protected with current protected areas for species classified as legally very rare or rare,in the Mongolian Red Book, Threatened by IUCN, and in CITES Appendices 1 or 2
4.	Activities prohibiied and permitted within protected area zones
5.	List of important documents and other studies
6.	List of animal species classified as very rare, and rare under the Mongolian Law on Hunting
7.	List of plant species classified as very rare and rare under the Mongolian Law on Natural Plants
8.	The potential range, area of potential protection and percentage of range potential protected with current and proposed protected areas for species classified as legally very rare or rare, in the Mongolian Red Book, Threatened by IUCN, and in CITES Appendices l or 2